Kratki znanstveni prispevek

Povzetek:
V prispevku obravnavamo podro?je motivacije zaposlenih, pri ?emer izhajamo iz McClellandove teorije potreb. Za potrebe prou?evanja strukture potreb kot dejavnikov motivacije zaposlenih smo priredili anketni vpra�alnik avtorjev Kuran in Joshi (2017), ki smo ga tudi pilotsko preizkusili med zaposlenimi v javnem sektorju. Z na?inom vzor?enja po principu sne�ene kepe smo oblikovali vzorec 185 zaposlenih. Analizo podatkov smo opravili s pomo?jo eksploratorne faktorske analize po metodi najve?jega verjetja s po�evno rotacijo Oblimin. Rezultati ka�ejo, da je med 3 potrebami, ki jih McClelland opredeljuje, najbolj jasno izra�ena potreba po dose�kih.

Klju?ne besede: motivacija, MCCleland teorija potrebe, zaposleni, javni sektor,

Abstract
The paper deals with the area of employee motivation and on this basis the McClelland theory of needs was employed. For the purpose of studying the structure of needs as factors of employee motivation, the survey questionnaire was prepared on the basis of questionnaire made by the authors Kuran and Joshi (2017), which was also piloted among employees in the public sector. Using the snowball sampling method, we formed a sample of 185 employees. Data analysis was performed using exploratory factor analysis according to the maximum probability method with oblique rotation of Oblimin. The results show that among the 3 needs identified by McClelland, the need for achievement is most clearly expressed.

Key words: motivation, MCCleland theory of needs, employees, private, sector,

Strokovni ?lanek

UVOD

Zaradi nenehnih dru�benih sprememb je eno klju?nih vpra�anj v �olstvu danes, kako dobro so u?itelji in ravnatelji opremljeni z znanjem za sprejemanje in obvladovanje vseh razmer, do katerih prihaja na podro?ju vzgoje in izobra�evanja. Globalizacija, migracije, razvoj tehnologije in tudi nedavne omejitve zaradi epidemiolo�kih okoli�?in so le nekateri izmed bistvenih dejavnikov, zaradi katerih je zadnjem ?asu prav podro?je vzgoje in izobra�evanja nenehno in neizbe�no postavljeno pred nove izzive. Kako se bodo u?itelji in ravnatelji omenjenih izzivov lotili, na kak�en na?in jih bodo re�evali in kako obenem zagotavljali kakovostno izobra�evanje in posredovali znanje ter hkrati delovali dru�beno odgovorno � to so le nekatera vpra�anja, ki so tesno povezana z dru�benimi spremembami. Ohranjanje tradicije na eni strani in razvoj dru�be na drugi sta temelja obstoja trajnostne dru�be, pri tem pa jima izobra�evalni sektor z vzgojo in izobra�evanjem za trajnostni razvoj predstavlja temeljno izhodi�?e za uresni?evanje ciljev.

Klju?ne besede: dru�bene spremembe, dru�beno odgovorna �ola

ABSTRACT

One of the key questions in education today is how well equipped we are with the knowledge to confront and manage all new situations in the field of education caused by rapidly changing circumstances in our society. Globalization, migration and the development of technology are just some of the basic factors that keep us constantly facing new challenges in the field of education. How to address these challenges and overcome them and at the same time how to provide quality education and knowledge while acting socially responsible - these are just some of the issues closely related to changes in our society. To preserve tradition on the one hand, while on the other, develop society, are the foundations of the existence of a sustainable society. The education sector via its sustainable development education, represents a fundamental starting point for achieving these goals.

Key words: changes in society, socially responsible school

Strokovni ?lanek

UVOD

�ola je vzgojno-izobra�evalna ustanova, ki opremlja z novim znanjem in ve�?inami za �ivljenje v globalizirani dru�bi. Njen osnovni cilj je zagotavljanje kakovostne splo�ne izobrazbe vsemu prebivalstvu in skrb za izpolnjevanje zahtev in izzivov sodobnega sveta, kar pomeni tudi skrb za profesionalni razvoj strokovnih delavcev. Ob tem se odpira vpra�anje o zavedanju pomembnosti profesionalnega razvoja u?iteljev, ki lahko le s stalnim strokovnim izpopolnjevanjem in izobra�evanjem prispevajo k uresni?evanju zastavljenih ciljev vzgoje in izobra�evanja. Posledice dru�benih sprememb uspe�no in u?inkovito ume�?ajo v vzgojno-izobra�evalni kontekst in tako posredujejo u?encem kakovostna znanja in ve�?ine, s katerimi bodo opremljeni za prihodnost. Vloga u?itelja je postala kompleksen proces, ki terja od u?itelja nenehno potrebo in nujnost po profesionalnem razvoju in vse�ivljenjskem u?enju. Zaradi novih oblik posredovanja znanja se mo?no spreminja tudi organizacija vzgojno-izobra�evalnega dela. Pri tem ima klju?no vlogo ravnatelj, ki z ustreznim znanjem, vpogledom v dru�beni kontekst, premi�ljeno strategijo z oblikovanjem razvojnega na?rta in posredovanjem potreb po spremembah v delovanju znotraj kolektiva na?rtuje, usmerja in vodi u?iteljev profesionalni razvoj in hkrati celosten razvoj �ole; tako prispeva k dru�beno odgovornemu delovanju vseh dele�nikov in rasti kakovostne �ole.

Klju?ne besede: u?itelj, izobra�evanje

ABSTRACT

The school is an educational institution that aims to equip with new knowledge and skills for life in a globalized society. Its basic goal is not only to provide quality general education to the entire population, but also to take care of fulfilling the requirements and challenges of the modern world, which also means taking care of the professional development of educators. This in turn raises the question of awareness of the importance of professional development of teachers, who can contribute to the achievement of the set education goals only through continuous professional development and education, while successfully placing the consequences of social change in the educational context to provide quality knowledge and skills to prepare students for their future. The role of the teacher has become a complex process which requires a constant need and urgency for professional development and lifelong learning on the part of teachers. Due to new forms of the knowledge transfer, the organization of educational work also changes significantly. A key role is nowadays played by the principal, who with the appropriate knowledge, the insight into the social context, the well-thought-out strategy by creating a development plan as well as communicating the needs for changes in the work within the school staff, directs and guides teachers' professional development as well as the school development. In this way, the principal contributes towards the socially responsible work of all stakeholders and the growth of a quality school.

Key words: teacher, education

Kratki znanstveni prispevek

POVZETEK

Onesna�enost zraka predstavlja te�avo in obenem izziv, s katerim se soo?amo na svetovni ravni. Zaradi negativnega vpliva na zdravje ljudi je onesna�enost zraka tematika, ki vztrajno pridobiva na pomembnosti. Za razumevanje tematike in izvedbo aktivnosti, ki bi pripomogle k zmanj�evanju onesna�enosti zraka, je treba nasloviti glavne vire onesna�evanja, kot so npr. industrija, promet, ogrevanje. Ne glede na dejstvo, da se onesna�enost zraka na letni ravni zni�uje, je treba poskrbeti, da tako ostane tudi v prihodnje. Obdobje pandemije COVID-19 predstavlja ?asovno obdobje za?asne ustavitve oziroma ve?jega zmanj�anja aktivnosti �tevilnih gospodarstev in obenem prilo�nost za opazovanje sprememb v onesna�enosti zraka.

Analizirana so tri onesna�evala, in sicer du�ikov dioksid (NO2), delci PM10 in delci PM2,5, v obdobju od januarja do maja 2020, s poudarkom na obdobju pandemije COVID-19, ki so primerjana z istim obdobjem leta 2019. Izbrana opazovana mesta so: Ljubljana, M�nchen in London. V prvem delu so predstavljena omenjena onesna�evala in glavni viri onesna�evanja, skupaj z njihovo povezanostjo z zdravjem ljudi. Poleg tega so omenjene �tudije na temo onesna�evanja zraka ter na?rti in cilji v zvezi s tem na ravni Slovenije in EU. V empiri?nem delu so preko tabel in grafikonov predstavljene analize podatkov, ki so bili pridobljeni iz Evropske agencije za okolje ter Agencije Republike Slovenije za okolje, ter podane opisne ugotovitve. Pri teh so uporabljeni tudi vremenski podatki za obrazlo�itev gibanja �tevila delcev PM10 in PM2,5.

Preko analize podatkov je bilo ugotovljeno, da v izbranih mestih med obdobjem pandemije COVID-19 ni prihajalo do visoke onesna�enosti zraka. Koeficient du�ikovega dioksida se je v Ljubljani in Londonu zni�al za okoli 50 %, v M�nchnu se ta ni bistveno spremenil. V M�nchnu se �tevilo delcev PM10 ni opazneje zni�alo, nasprotno so bile spremembe opaznej�e v Londonu. Na podatke za Ljubljano je vplival tudi pojav saharskega prahu, zaradi katerega se je �tevilo delcev PM10 v dolo?enem obdobju pove?alo za okoli 205 %. V M�nchnu se �tevilo delcev PM2,5 ni opazneje zni�alo. V Londonu se je onesna�enost zraka zmanj�ala, saj se je �tevilo delcev PM2,5 zni�alo. V Ljubljani se je v za?etku leta 2020 �tevilo delcev PM2,5 zvi�alo za okoli 45 %, nato je sledilo zvi�anje za okoli 217 %.

Med obdobjem pandemije COVID-19 se je onesna�enost zraka v vseh opazovanih mestih zmanj�ala, kar izhaja tudi iz analize podatkov, povezanih z zmanj�anjem industrijske proizvodnje in letalskega prometa. Na podlagi omenjenih rezultatov lahko zaklju?imo, da ?love�ka aktivnost mo?no vpliva na onesna�enost zraka, zaradi ?esar je klju?nega pomena razumevanje pomembnosti tematike in izvedba nadaljnjih aktivnosti, ki bodo pripomogle k zmanj�evanju onesna�enosti zraka na svetovni ravni.

Klju?ne besede: du�ikov dioksid, NO2, delci PM10, delci PM2,5, pandemija COVID-19, onesna�evala, onesna�enost zraka, kakovost zraka

ABSTRACT

Air pollution represents an issue but at the same time a challenge we are facing with on a global scale. Due to its negative impact on human health, the topic of air pollution is becoming more and more important. In order to understand the topic and perform activities that would help reduce air pollution, it is necessary to address the main sources of pollution, such as industry, transport, heating. Regardless of the fact that air pollution is decreasing on an annual basis, it is necessary to ensure that it remains so in the future. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a time period during which activities of many economies stopped or were reduced significantly, but at the same time an opportunity to observe the changes in air pollution.

Three pollutants were analysed, namely nitrogen dioxide (NO2), PM10 particles and PM2.5 particles, in the period from January to May 2020, focusing on the period of COVID-19 pandemic, compared with the same period in 2019. Selected cities for observation are: Ljubljana, Munich and London. The theoretical part explains the previously mentioned pollutants and the main sources of pollution, together with their link to human health. In addition, studies on the topic of air pollution are mentioned, as well as plans and goals with this regard in Slovenia and in the EU. In the empirical part, data obtained from the European Environment Agency and the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, together with analysis results are presented in tables and graphs, in combination with respective descriptive findings. Weather data were also used to explain the changes in the number of PM10 and PM2.5 particles.

By analysing the data, it was recognised that the air pollution was not high in the mentioned cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nitrogen dioxide ratio decreased by around 50 % in Ljubljana and London, but did not change significantly in Munich. In Munich, the number of PM10 particles did not decrease significantly, on the contrary, the changes were more noticeable in London. The data for Ljubljana were also affected by the presence of Saharan dust, due to which the number of PM10 particles increased by around 205 % in a certain period. In Munich, the number of PM2.5 particles did not decrease significantly, while in London air pollution decreased together with the decrease of number of PM2.5 particles. In Ljubljana, at the beginning of 2020, the number of PM2.5 particles increased by about 45 %, followed by an increase of about 217 %.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the air pollution in observed cities decreased, which is also supported by the data analysis related to the reduction of industrial production and aviation traffic. Based on these results, we can conclude that the human activity has a strong impact on air pollution, which is why it is crucial to understand the importance of this topic and perform further activities that would help reduce air pollution worldwide.

Keywords: nitrogen dioxide, NO2, PM10 particles, PM2.5 particles, COVID-19 pandemic, pollutants, air pollution, air quality

IBS Mednarodna poslovna �ola Ljubljana